謹致

老友

大哲

孫格拉底

自由主義大師

殷海光老師

是

遵守

無上道德律令

的

聖者

張尚德

孫格拉底（智燊）老友：

因緣！因緣！我非常高興，你當年從台大外文系，轉來研究哲學有成。我更高興，你瞭解到康德所說的「物自體」，是不可知的。

「物自體」也者，是講一切存在本身根源、過程與實質。康德說「物自體」不可知，實際上他不好意思說沒這個東西。因為在當時的基督教世界，如果他說沒有「物自體」，可能命都沒有。只好說不可知。這是在學術上說躲命的話，以免得罪學閥與宗教當道。

古今中外的哲學，包括佛法在內，特別有大成者，多是以體相用、法報化、真善美做表達，例如《大智度論》、《大乘起信論》，皆如此說法；許多解釋《華嚴經》的，也是用「體相用」來做解釋。

但我發現和理解，不僅沒有什麼「體」，也沒有什麼「空」。一切存在的本身，只是在成住壞空的因緣和合、和合因緣的成住壞空中。「壞」即空，是相對於「有」來說的，有「成住壞」，才有其為空也。《大智度論》的十八空、《大般若經》的二十空，只是不得不透過文字來解釋其人文系統的層次內涵與廣延，實際上無體也無空。

沒有體與空，那佛究竟是什麼？

佛經說得清清楚楚：

在一切中，超越一切。

也就是：

佛在常寂光的常樂我淨、常樂我淨的常寂光中。

尚德四十八歲時，即在言語道斷、心行處滅狀態下，清清楚楚、浮光掠影證到此點，但保任不易。

我年已八二，也經經歷歷、歷歷經經，還說假話來吹噓自己、搞些假玩意兒來欺世盜名乎？非不為也，是不能也。你我乃至誠老友，料悉尚德一生從來不能、不會也不願搞假。騙人與被騙，人性本來如此。自己老是騙自己，那就實已嗚呼哀哉！廣天之下一大騙乎？

你早已知道尚德，做好事沒有力量，做壞事沒有膽量，玩耍也搞不出花樣，更無機緣像朱元璋一樣，把太陽搞成從金陵古城升起，又從金陵古城落下去。歷史起起落落，老百姓苦不堪言，我一直希望中國，不再玩歷史的起起落落。

我從五歲上小學一年級開始，就要升旗、降旗、向「國父」孫中山、總統蔣介石先生三鞠躬，搞了一輩子。現在各方又要消滅中華民國，而台灣自己呢？

很多名人說：「台灣天天搞假。」

智燊老友：

尚德請問你，如此活了八十多年，豈不悲乎！慘乎！毫無意義乎！

不過我可報告的是，有少許甚知尖端科學和人文的朋友，知道了我在知識上的認識；很高興你也可能認同尚德在人生與知識上的某些理解。

現在和你談一些哲學思想上的問題：

尼采的超人哲學，相當程度上，可以說是老子與莊子的超越思想；蘇格拉底的正義，就是墨子的兼愛，只不過在大同中存小異，小異中有大同而已。這也就是東方有聖人出焉，此心同，此理同；西方有聖人出焉，此心同，此理同的道理。

大心理學家佛洛依德，從「性」來解釋人文的一切，是非常不錯的；整個一部「楞嚴經」，就是從「性」開始而談。釋迦牟尼佛的「入胎經」，更是詳細的談一切眾生對「性」的無可奈何。

可惜的是：

佛洛依德只證到唯識學中所說第七末那識的情執。

馬克斯却又純從經濟來解釋種種，都為一偏之談。孔子說的算是不錯：

「食色性也。」

然而釋迦牟尼佛却硬是要打掉、克服人的食與色。

更可惜的是：

佛洛依德的「夢的解析」大著，完全落在原始的性上。雖然與唯識學的阿賴耶識（種子識）解釋可相通。但他完全不知道宇宙人生為一大夢，夢夢相夢，本來無夢；更不知道中國道家的真人、至人，佛家的菩薩和佛、儒家的聖者，能超越萬夢與大夢，能歸到「醒夢一如」。

自佛洛依德以後，再往前走，西洋心理學的發展，常常拿動物做實驗的結果，當做對人的理解。譬如實驗老鼠，雖然牠百分之九十以上的基因，與人的基因相同，却完全不理解、也未從知道：

人的「純覺」。

非常可惜的是，聖哲康德將真善美統一後，只知道先驗的統覺，而未證「純覺」。

就這一方面來說，連朱熹和王陽明兩位大儒，也不究竟。

至於現在其他世俗文化的表現上，從美國帶頭的許多西洋老爺來看，除了掠奪、剝削與撕殺外，真不知道在搞什麼？要搞什麼？

未來人文，究竟會怎樣，會走向何方，真是誰也無從知曉。

想起了春秋兩百四十二年，弒君三十六，亡國五十二。打啊！打啊！打啊！殺啊！殺啊！殺啊！

孔子說過一句極重要的話：

「春秋無義戰。」

真可悲的是：

美國帶頭的殺戮世界，還要繼續殺下去乎！

根本的問題是：

獅子老虎吃飽了，就沒有事了。然而人，特別是美國，吃飽了，却更有事。却更要把人殺光，放在美國的殺戮冷凍冰箱裡，才心滿意足。

我寫這封信給你，在說明兩點：

一、人實在是要清淡一點，別吃得太飽。

二、未來世界人文思想，必須是講理、有禮、在經驗上可行，且為大家所共同接受、統一在一起者。狹隘的民族主義與私心的利益及無理的偏見，絕對走不通。

從總的方面來說，儒家的「絜靜精微」，道家的「玉清、太清、上清」，佛家的「自性清淨」，新約聖經「約翰福音」的「生命都在光裡面」，這些原來都是同一個內涵與廣延。

道家的真人與至人，即佛家的菩薩與佛，也是儒家的聖者，三者無一不在超越性的大愛中。而墨子的兼愛與非攻，更是集儒釋道三家之大成也。

人類歷史因著自狂、自戀與現實的利害，才在那裡猛搞分別、派別與搞利益集團。原始大哲學家、大宗教家、大科學家等，哪一位會搞這些屁事、無聊事，不但庸俗不堪，更毫無意義。

因此，禪門文化對人生做了個總結：

在超時空、無人、無法、少思、寡欲、盡力幫助人中，明明了了、清清白白的，穿衣、吃飯、睡覺，便無時無刻不在極樂世界中，如此這般，這般如此，便無事也。人人如此，世界必然太平！

因此世界問題的解決，必須統一在中國偉大的哲學智慧上，但必須重新整理和認識。

例如復菴禪師解釋華嚴經「壞相」為：

「不得紊亂，各住本位」。

若此解釋為真，則佛法的「是諸法空相」，便難成立。蓋「壞」即「空」，空又何從來個「本位」？

他用「是法住法位、世間相常住」，作為「壞」的解釋，不成、不通之至也。因為「是法住法位、世間相常住」，乃佛位。

實在說來，體相用、空與究極本位等等，過去因文字的曖昧和歧義，又因語言非實，再又因為缺少在經驗上的證量，所以許多解釋，就實在不通。

過去如此，現在猶甚！

所以中外傳統人文思想，必須重新整理和認識。

你在古今中外哲學思想統一的理解上，已有大成，尚德向你頂禮，說聲：

讚！

讚嘆你對羅素哲學如此深入。尚德認識：將羅素、懷德海……等人文精華哲學，與中國人文精華哲學會合，再往前推，與世界各類人文精華融會一起，此乃未來世界思想文明唯一出路。這些年來，尚德所從事的，即此也。

憶起了自由主義大師殷海光老師，他的思想成就是：

道德、自由、民主。

對殷老師來說：

他認識到：

道德是無上律令，是第一位。

所以他把道德放在自由、民主之前。因為沒有道德的自由、民主，絕對是用來剝削、控制人的假玩意，美國就是一直在玩這個玩意兒，欺騙人類、搞亂世界而已。

尚德是「開放的社會」、「自由的哲學」、「到奴役之路」，還有「革命的剖析」、「聯合國憲章」與「人權宣言」等談自由民主名著之翻譯者。深透瞭解什麼才是真正的自由與民主。它們是與最高道德相通的。

吾師海光先生的骨灰，也是我恭敬一心捧至台北自由墓園的。

尚德願生生世世、世世生生皈依自由民主的大師殷海光老師。我在含著眼淚，忍不住的要叫一聲：

殷老師：

尚德極景念而情懷無已的懷念你

景念你的大無畏

懷念你的無私

更嚮往你的永遠追求

整個人類的

公平、

正義、

平等。

再大喊三聲：

殷老師！

在大喊殷老師之餘，尚德要問：

現在全世界所謂自由、民主的國家，你們的道德在哪裡？

只有在無知搶奪中剝削、在剝削中繼續無知。因為剝削必無知，而無知就一定會想搶奪和剝削。

這個主義、那個主義、什麼主義啊？

如果有真正的共產主義，一定是真正道德的。真正道德的共產主義，和真正共產主義的道德。絕對是自由主義大師殷海光老師所嚮往與追求的。

結論：

自由主義大師

殷海光老師

是

遵守

無上道德律令

的

聖者

他的自由、民主，是建立在道德上的。

尚德於台灣關房

二零一三年十二月十日

A Letter to My Old friend,

Great Philosopher

Suncrates

Master of Liberalism,

Professor Hai-guang Yin,

A Saint

Following the

Supreme Moral Law

Shang-te Chang

Dear Suncrates (Zhi-shen), my old friend:

It is fate! It is destined! I was very glad of your impressive accomplishment since you transferred from the department of foreign language to the Institute of philosophy in your years at the Taiwan University. I am even happy that you have understood that thing-in-itself is inconceivable as Kant said.

Thing-in-itself refers to the origin, process and substance of all existences. Kant said that thing-in-itself is inconceivable, while actually he was embarrassed to say that there is no such thing. As in the Christian world at that time, if he had said that there is no thing-in-itself, he would lose his life. Therefore, he had to say that it is inconceivable, which was an academic refuge from the scholar-tyrants and religious authorities.

The philosophies at home and abroad past and present, including Buddhism, especially for those with great achievements, mostly formulate in the pattern like the essence, attributes and function, the dharma, retribution and transformation (body), and the true, the good and the beautiful, such as in the Mahaprajna-paramita Sastra and the Awakening of Mahayana Faith. Many interpretations to the Avatamsaka Sutra are also in the pattern of the essence, attributes and function.

However, according to my discovering and understanding, there is neither any 'essence' nor any 'emptiness'. All existences in themselves are merely in the union of causes and conditions, namely, arising, abiding, perishing and emptiness. 'Perishing' is the same to 'emptiness', which is in relative to 'being'; with arising, abiding and perishing, there can be emptiness. The eighteen emptiness in the Mahaprajna-paramita Sastra and the twenty emptiness in the Mahaprajna-paramita Sutra are merely compelled verbal elaboration of the hierarchy, intention and extention in their humanistic systems. Actually there is neither essence nor emptiness.

There is neither essence nor emptiness, then what is Buddha on earth?

It is clear in Buddhist sutras:

in everything and beyond everything

that is:

Buddha is in the Quiescent Light together with permanence, bliss, self and purity.

At the age of 48, in the inconceivable and inexplicable condition, Shang-te realized this clearly while superficially, but it is difficult to retain.

Now I am 82. with life experiences, I needn't lie for self-praise and fake to deceive the public for reputation, do I? I am incapable rather than inactive. You are my close friend, and you should know that Shang-te is incapable, incompetent, and indisposed to falsehood for life. Cheating and cheated, that is the human nature. It is miserable to cheat oneself for ever! Below the heavens is a LIE.

You have known that Shang-te has no strength for good, no courage for bad, no tricks for fun, even no chance like Yuan-zhang Zhu to view the Sun rising and falling from the ancient wall of Nanjing. The history goes up and down and the ordinary people suffer, so I always hope that China will no longer go up and down.

Since I was 5-year-old in the first grade primary school, I have joined in the flag raising and lowering, and bowing to Founding Father Dr. Sun Yat-sen and President Mr. Chiang Kai-shek, throughout my life. Nowadays all sides are destroying the Republic of China, and how about Taiwan itself?

Many celebrities say: 'Taiwan cheats everyday.'

My old friend, Zhi-shen:

Let Shang-te ask you, living in this way for over eighty years, it is miserable, disastrous, meaningless, isn't it!

Nevertheless, I can tell you that a few friends with expertise in advanced science and humanities have known my understanding of knowledge, and I am happy that you may also agree to several of my understanding of life and knowledge.
Now I will talk with you about some philosophical problems:

Nietzsche's Philosophy of Superman, considerably matches Lao-tzu and Kwang-tzu's Thought of Transcendence; Socrates' Justice is the counterpart of Mo-tzu's Universal Love, with only minor differences besides major similarities. This is also the doctrine that there are Saints in the east and Saints in the west, whose minds and doctrines are identical.

The interpretation of everything in humanity with Sex by the great psychologist Freud was pretty good, and the whole Shurangama Sutra began with Sex. Moreover, Shakyamuni Buddha's Reincarnation Sutra talked about all creatures' helplessness in detail.

It is regrettable that:

Freud only realized the seventh Manas-vijnana (self attachment) in the doctine of vijnapti-matrata.

Max interpreted everything with Economy, which is also biased. It is quite right that Confucius said:

The desire for food and sex is part of human nature.

But Shakyamuni Buddha just cast off and overcome the human desire for food and sex.

It is more regreattable that:

Freud's great work the Interpretation of Dreams focused completely on the primitive sex, which may integrate with the alaya-vijnana (seed conciousness) in the doctine of vijnapti-matrata. However, he was totally ignorant of the Grand Dream of the universe and life, that dreams dream in dreams and essentially there is no dream. He was even ignorant of the Immortal and Virtuous men in Chinese Taoism, the Bodhisattvas and Buddhas in Buddhism, and Confucian Saints, who can transcend millions of dreams and the Grand Dream and convert to the Oneness of dream and awareness.

Following Freud, the development of western psychology regards the results from animal experiments as human, for example, the genes of rats are over ninty percent identical to human. But it is never known as well as no way to know:

human's pure consciousness.

It is quite a pity that Sage Kant knew only transcendental apperception rather than the pure consciousness, after his unification of the truth, the good and the beautiful.

From this viewpoint, the great Confucian scholars Chu Hsi and Wang Yang-ming are also far from perfect.

As to other secular cultural manifestation nowadays, considering many western lords lead by the United States, whatever are they doing except looting, exploiting and killing?

It's untraceable what the future humanities would be like and where it would go.

It reminds me of the Spring and Autumn Period, that 36 kings were murdered and 52 states destroyed. Fighting! Fighting! Fighting! Killing! Killing! Killing!

An extremly important word by Mencius:

There was no justical war in the Spring and Autumn Period.

It is pathetic that:

The killing world lead by the United States will continue to kill!

The essential problem is:

Lions and tigers are free once they are full. But human, especially those in the United States, are more occupied once they are full, and are more willing to kill off all people to freeze in the killing refrigerator to their satisfaction.

I write to you about two points:

First, people should be on bland diet, away from overeaten.

Second, humanities in the future world must be the integration of the reasonable, the courtesy, the practical, and the acceptable to all people. Parochial nationalism, selfish interest and unreasonable prejudice are impassable.

Generally speaking, all of the followings are of identical intention and extension: Confucian 'pure and still, refined and subtile', Taoist 'Yu-ching, Tai-ching, Shang-ching (threefold purity)', Buddhist 'pure self-nature', New Testment John 1:4, 'In him was life; and the life was the light of men.'

The Taoist Immortal and Virtuous men, are the same to the Buddhist Bodhisattvas and Buddhas, as well as the Confucian Saints. All of those are within transcendental Grand Love. Mo-tzu's Universal Love and No-War are even epitomizing.

Human history is full of discriminations, factions, and interest groups. None of the ancient great philosophers, great religionists and great scientists would care about such goddamned business and boredom that are vulgar and meaningless.

Therefore, Zen culture summarized human life:

Dress, meal, sleep sanely and innocently, with the lack of existence of an inherent self, lack of inherent nature of existences, little selfishness and desire, endeavoring assistance to others in the transcendent space and time, you will be in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss all the time. Such and such, thus and thus, and it will be alright. If everyone is like this, the world would be certainly in peace.

Therefore the solution to the world problem must be integrated on the great wisdom of Chinese philosophy, with obligatory arrangement and consideration.

For example, Zen Master Fu-an's interpretation of 'the characteristics of disintegration' is:

Away from disorder and residing on one's own position.

If this interpretation is true, Buddhism of 'all dharmas are empty of characteristics' would be failed, because 'disintegration' is 'empty' and there is no 'own position' for 'empty'.

His interpretation of 'disintegration' was thoroughly incorrect and illogical, using 'this dharma abides in the dharma's position, dwelling forever in worldly marks' which is of Buddhahood.

Actually, many interpretations are illogical because of verbal ambiguity, insubstantial language, and deficiency in experimental verification, such as essence, characteristics and function, emptiness and one's ultimate own position, etc.

It was in this way in the past, and it is even more worse at present.

Therefore traditional humanities at home and abroad require rearrangement and reconsideration.

You have great achievement in the unification of philosophical thoughts at home and abroad past and present, so Shang-te bows to your feet and says:

Admire!

I admire your depth into the philosophy of Russell. To Shant-te's understanding, the integration of human essence of philosophies of Russell, Whitehead, etc, with human essence of Chinese philosophies, and further various universal human essence, is the only way out for world civilization of thinking in the future.

It reminds me of the Master of Liberalism, Professor Hai-guang Yin, whose achievement in thinking is:

Morals, Freedom, and Democracy.

For Professor Yin,

He had realized that:

Morals are the Supreme Laws, the first of all.

Therefore he placed morals ahead of freedom and democracy. Because freedom and democracy without morals are absolutely cheating to exploit and control people, and the United States has always played with this to cheat people and disturb the world.

Shang-te is the translator of liberal and democratic masterpieces like the Open Society and Its Enimies, the Philosophy of Freedom, the Road to Serfdom, the Analysis of the Revolution, the Charter of the United Nations, and the Declaration of Human Rights, and has profoundly understood what are true freedom and democracy, that are interlinked with the highest moral.

The cremains of my advisor Hai-guang are hold with devotion by me to the Freedom Cemetery at Taipei.

Shang-te would like to convert to Liberal and Democratic Master Advisor Hai-guang Yin generation after generation. I can't help crying with tears in my eyes:

Advisor Yin

Shang-te is in reverence and cherishing memory of you

Reverence for your dauntless heroism

Cherish your selflessness

And Even Aspire to your eternal pursuit of

Fairness, Justice and Equity

of All Mankind.

Let me cry three times again:

Professor Yin!

Besides crying for professor Yin, Shang-te would like to ask:

As to the so called liberal and democratic nations in the world today, where are your morals?
You only exploit in ignorant looting, and continue your ignorance in exploiting. Because exploiting inevitablely leads to ignorance, and ignorance is destined to loot and exploit.

This-ism, that-ism, whatever-ism?

If there is true Communist, it must be of true morals. Communist of true morals, and morals of true Communist, are absolutely aspired to and pursued by the Liberal Master, Advisor Yin.

Conclusion:

Liberal Master,

Professor Hai-guang Yin,

A Saint

Following the

Supreme Moral Law,

Whose Freedom and Democracy Are Based on Morals.

Shang-te in Secluded House, Taiwan

2013.12.10